Simulate models =============== **cameo** uses the model data structures defined by `cobrapy `__, our favorite COnstraints-Based Reconstruction and Analysis tool for Python. **cameo** is thus 100% compatible with cobrapy. For efficiency reasons, however, cameo implements its own simulation methods that take advantage of a more advanced solver interface. Primer: Constraint-Based Modeling --------------------------------- Constraint-based modeling is a powerful modeling framework for analyzing metabolism on the genome scale (`McCloskey et al., 2013 `__). For a model that encompasses :math:`n` reactions that involve :math:`m` metabolites, :math:`\mathbf{S}` is a matrix of dimension :math:`m \times n` that encodes the stoichiometry of the metabolic reaction system; it is usually referred to as stoichiometric matrix. Assuming that the system is in a steady state—the concentration of metabolites are constant—the system of flux-balances can be formulated as: .. math:: \begin{align} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0\,, \end{align} where :math:`\mathbf{v}` is the vector of flux rates. With the addition of a biologically meaningful objective, flux capacity constraints, information about the reversibility of reactions under physiological conditions, an optimization problem can be formulated that can easily be solved using `linear programming `__. For example, given the maximization of growth rate as one potential biological objective :math:`v_{biomass}` (i.e., the flux of an artificial reaction that consumes biomass components in empirically determined proportions), assuming that the cell is evolutionary optimized to achieve that objective, incorporating knowledge about reaction reversibility, uptake and secretion rates, and maximum flux capacities in the form of lower and uppers bounds (:math:`\mathbf{v}_{lb}` and :math:`\mathbf{v}_{ub}`) on the flux variables :math:`\mathbf{v}`, one can formulate and solve an optimization problem to identify an optimal set of flux rates using Flux Balance Analysis (FBA): .. math:: \begin{align} Max ~ & ~ Z_{obj} = \mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v}\\ \text{s.t.}~ & ~ \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0 \\ ~ & ~ \mathbf{v}_{lb} \leq \mathbf{v} \leq \mathbf{v}_{ub} \,. \end{align} Flux Balance Analysis --------------------- Load a model. .. code:: ipython3 from cameo import load_model model = load_model('iJO1366') In cameo, flux balance analysis can be performed with the function `fba`. .. code:: ipython3 from cameo import fba %time fba_result = fba(model) .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 256 ms, sys: 6.4 ms, total: 262 ms Wall time: 283 ms Basically, `fba` calls `model.optimize()` and wraps the optimization solution in a `FluxDistributionResult` object. The maximum objective values (corresponding to a maximum growth rate) can be obtained from `result.objective_value`. .. code:: ipython3 fba_result.data_frame .. raw:: html
flux
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2AGPA140tipp 0.000000
2AGPA141tipp 0.000000
2AGPA160tipp 0.000000
2AGPA161tipp 0.000000
2AGPA180tipp 0.000000
... ...
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2583 rows × 1 columns

Flux distributions can be visualized using `escher `__ : .. code:: ipython3 fba_result.display_on_map("iJO1366.Central metabolism") .. raw:: html
Parsimonious Flux Balance Analysis ---------------------------------- Parsimonious flux balance analysis (`Lewis et al., 2010 `__), a variant of FBA, performs FBA in in a first step to determine the maximum objective value :math:`Z_{obj}`, fixes it in form of an additional model constraint (:math:`\mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v} \ge Z_{obj}`), and then minimizes the :math:`L_1` norm of :math:`\mathbf{v}`. The assumption behind pFBA is that cells try to minimize flux magnitude as well in order to keep protein costs low. .. math:: \begin{align} Max ~ & ~ \lvert \mathbf{v} \rvert\\ \text{s.t.}~ & ~ \mathbf{S} \mathbf{v} = 0 \\ & ~ \mathbf{c}^{T} \mathbf{v} \ge Z_{obj} \\ ~ & ~ \mathbf{v}_{lb} \leq \mathbf{v} \leq \mathbf{v}_{ub} \,. \end{align} In cameo, pFBA can be performed with the function `pfba`. .. code:: ipython3 from cameo import pfba %time pfba_result = pfba(model) .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 6.46 s, sys: 77 ms, total: 6.53 s Wall time: 10.3 s The `objective_function` value is :math:`\lvert \mathbf{v} \rvert` … .. code:: ipython3 pfba_result.objective_value .. parsed-literal:: 699.0222751839516 … which is smaller than flux vector of the original FBA solution. .. code:: ipython3 abs(fba_result.data_frame.flux).sum() .. parsed-literal:: 765.0977334751339 Setp 2: Simulate knockouts phenotypes ------------------------------------- Although PFBA and FBA can be used to simulate the effect of knockouts, other methods have been proven more valuable for that task: MOMA and ROOM. In *cameo* we implemented a linear version of MOMA. -------------- Simulating knockouts: - Manipulate the bounds of the reaction (or use the shorthand method knock_out) .. code:: ipython3 model.reactions.PGI .. raw:: html
Reaction identifierPGI
NameGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Memory address 0x011313e908
Stoichiometry

g6p_c <=> f6p_c

D-Glucose 6-phosphate <=> D-Fructose 6-phosphate

GPRb4025
Lower bound-1000.0
Upper bound1000.0
.. code:: ipython3 model.reactions.PGI.knock_out() model.reactions.PGI .. raw:: html
Reaction identifierPGI
NameGlucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Memory address 0x011313e908
Stoichiometry

g6p_c --> f6p_c

D-Glucose 6-phosphate --> D-Fructose 6-phosphate

GPRb4025
Lower bound0
Upper bound0
- Simulate using different methods: .. code:: ipython3 %time fba_knockout_result = fba(model) fba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M] .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 104 ms, sys: 4.13 ms, total: 108 ms Wall time: 124 ms .. parsed-literal:: 0.9761293262947268 .. code:: ipython3 %time pfba_knockout_result = pfba(model) pfba_knockout_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M] .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 5.78 s, sys: 38.7 ms, total: 5.82 s Wall time: 7.48 s .. parsed-literal:: 0.9761293262947268 MOMA and ROOM rely on a reference (wild-type) flux distribution. We can use the one previously computed. **Parsimonious FBA references seem to produce better results using this methods** .. code:: ipython3 from cameo.flux_analysis.simulation import room, lmoma .. code:: ipython3 %time lmoma_result = lmoma(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes) lmoma_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M] .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 27.4 s, sys: 201 ms, total: 27.6 s Wall time: 35.6 s .. parsed-literal:: 0.8724092397035721 ROOM is a difficult computational problem. If the bounds of the system are not large enough, it can take many hours to simulate. To improve the speed of the simulation and the chances of finding a solution, we increase the bounds. .. code:: ipython3 for reaction in model.reactions: if reaction.upper_bound == 1000: reaction.upper_bound = 99999999 if reaction.lower_bound == -1000: reaction.lower_bound = -99999999 .. code:: ipython3 %time room_result = room(model, reference=pfba_result.fluxes) room_result[model.reactions.BIOMASS_Ec_iJO1366_core_53p95M] .. parsed-literal:: CPU times: user 35 s, sys: 257 ms, total: 35.3 s Wall time: 44.4 s .. parsed-literal:: 0.9519006583451706